Posted: September 23, 2008
SAN ANTONIO -- Surprising data from NASA's Ulysses spacecraft show that the solar wind -- the continuous outflow of plasma and magnetic fields from the Sun's atmosphere (corona) into interplanetary space -- is only about three fourths as strong as it was a decade ago, during the last interval of low solar activity.
 Artist concept of heliosphere. Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab |
"This pioneering spacecraft has allowed us to discover new and fascinating things about the Sun's million-mile-per-hour solar wind and how it changes over time," says Dr. David J. McComas, principal investigator of the Solar Wind Observations Over the Poles of the Sun (SWOOPS) experiment onboard Ulysses and senior executive director of the Space Science and Engineering Division at Southwest Research Institute. "To see such a significant and consistent long-term reduction in the solar wind output is really remarkable."
Over its 18 years in orbit about the Sun, Ulysses has observed the solar wind at both the minimum and maximum phases of the solar activity (or sunspot) cycle. During solar minimum, the wind is well ordered, with a fast, steady wind over the poles and a slow variable wind at lower latitudes; at solar maximum, the solar wind is highly chaotic, with fast and slow wind streams and more frequent coronal mass ejections at all solar latitudes.
Now, three-quarters of the way through its third orbit, Ulysses is again observing a solar wind structure characteristic of low levels of solar activity. "During the third orbit, we weren't surprised to see a return to a solar minimum configuration," says McComas, "but we were surprised to find that the solar wind is much less powerful than it had been in the previous solar minimum. The wind speed is almost the same, but the density and pressure are significantly lower, and the wind is blowing out about a quarter less hard."
The strength of the solar wind appears to be determined to a significant degree by where in the solar corona the energy that drives the solar wind is inserted. Energy inserted at low altitudes results in lower pressures and densities, without affecting solar wind speed. Energy inserted at higher coronal altitudes is expected to produce a change in the solar wind speed, which was not observed.
To determine whether the weaker solar wind is a whole-sun phenomenon, the team compared Ulysses' high-latitude observations with measurements made by the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft at low solar latitudes. The data show a close correlation in the dynamic pressure of the wind measured at all latitudes, confirming that the unusually weak outflow is a global phenomenon.
The effects of the weaker wind will be felt several billion miles beyond the orbit of Pluto, at the farthest limits of the Sun's influence. "The heliosphere is a big bubble that's inflated from the inside by the million-mile-per-hour solar wind blowing out in all directions," says McComas. "The size of the bubble is determined by the balance of pressure of the solar wind pushing from the inside out and the pressure of interstellar space pushing from the outside in. If the solar wind is blowing out a quarter less hard, that means the outer boundaries of the heliosphere must be shrinking. The entire heliosphere must be getting smaller."
Some variations in the strength of the solar wind aren't unusual. In the early 1990s, the solar wind weakened for some time and regained strength over the following two years. Further observations will determine whether the solar wind continues to lose strength as the Sun moves from the solar minimum back toward maximum. If the strength of the solar wind stays weak, Voyager 1, which is headed outside of our solar system, should reach the edge of the solar system, called the heliopause, earlier than expected and will become the first spacecraft to enter interstellar space.
Future NASA missions will help resolve some of the intriguing questions brought forth by Ulysses. NASA is scheduled to launch the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) spacecraft in October to make the first global images of the outer boundaries of the solar system. IBEX will be able to image interactions in that region caused by a weaker solar wind. In addition, NASA is about to begin development of the Solar Probe mission to fly in close to the Sun and determine what heats its corona and accelerates the solar wind.
The article "Weaker Solar Wind from the Polar Coronal Holes and the Whole Sun," by McComas, R.W. Ebert, H.A. Elliott, B.E. Goldstein, J.T. Gosling, N.A. Schwadron and R.M. Skoug, was published in Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L18103, doi:10.1029/2008GL034896.
SwRI is an independent, nonprofit, applied research and development organization based in San Antonio, Texas, with more than 3,300 employees and an annual research volume of more than $501 million.
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Interesting post.I like the solar wind part.
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